HIV/AIDS
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the disease. For the virus, see HIV. For other uses, see AIDS (disambiguation).
infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[2][3][4] Following initial infection, a person may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness. This is typically followed by a prolonged period without symptoms. As the infection progresses, it interferes more and more with the immune system, making the person much more susceptible to common infections liketuberculosis, as well as opportunistic infections and tumors that do not usually affect people who have working immune systems. The late symptoms of the infection are referred to as AIDS. This stage is often complicated by an infection of the lung known aspneumocystis pneumonia, severe weight loss, a type of cancer known as Kaposi's sarcoma, or other AIDS-defining conditions.
HIV is transmitted primarily via unprotected sexual intercourse (including anal and oral sex), contaminated blood transfusions,hypodermic needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding.[5] Some bodily fluids, such as saliva and tears, do not transmit HIV.[6] Common methods of HIV/AIDS prevention include encouraging safe sex, needle-exchange programs, and treating those who are infected.[7] There is no cure or vaccine; however, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and may lead to a near-normal life expectancy. While antiretroviral treatment reduces the risk of death and complications from the disease, these medications are expensive and have side effects. Without treatment, the average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.[8]
Since its discovery, AIDS has caused an estimated 36 million deaths worldwide (as of 2012).[9] In 2013 it resulted in about 1.34 million deaths.[10] As of 2012, approximately 35.3 million people are living with HIV globally.[9] HIV/AIDS is considered a pandemic—a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading.[11] Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in west-central Africa during the late nineteenth or early twentieth century.[12] AIDS was first recognized by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1981 and its cause—HIV infection—was identified in the early part of the decade.[13]
HIV/AIDS has had a great impact on society, both as an illness and as a source of discrimination. The disease also has significanteconomic impacts. There are many misconceptions about HIV/AIDS such as the belief that it can be transmitted by casual non-sexual contact. The disease has become subject to many controversies involving religion. It has attracted international medical and political attention as well as large-scale funding since it was identified in the 1980s.[14]
STRATEGI DAN CARA MENGATASI MASALAH KEGIATAN MENGHIDU GAM
CARA MENGATASI KEGIATAN MENGHIDU GAM
Keruntuhan ahklak remaja yang berpunca dengan kegiatan masalah sosial khususnya kegiatan menghidu gam perlulah sentiasa diberikan perhatian. Justeru itu, strategi mengatasi masalah seharusnya dilakukan. Antara strategi dan saranan tersebut ialah
1. Peranan ibu bapa adalah amat penting dalam memberikan perhatian yang serius terhadap anak-anak mereka. Ibubapa mestilah memperhatikan setiap gerak-geri atau pergerakan anak-anak mereka. Ibubapa hendaklah sentiasa mengetahui dan mengenal pasti masalah yang dihadapi oleh anak mereka serta sanggup meluangkan masa untuk mengatasai masalah tersebut.Ibu bapa juga seharusnya mengetahui rakan-rakan anak mereka dan sentiasa memastikan anak-anak mereka berkawan dan bergaul dengan mereka yang mempunyai kedudukkan moral yang baik. Selain itu ibu bapa hendaklah menghabiskan sebahagian daripada masa seharian bersama anak-anak mereka dengan memberikan keyakinan, keberanian, mewujudkan sikap positif terhadap masalah, emosi dan keputusan. Dengan erti kata yang lain Ibu bapa hendaklah menjadi role model kepada anak.
2. Selain itu tingkatkan penghayatan anak-anak terhadap agama, nilai-nilai murni, motivasi, melatih anak cara bersopan, prinsip-prinsip akauntabiliti, tepati janji, berketerampilan, menunjukkan keperibadian yang mulia, amanah, sanggup menerima kelemahan diri serta meneroka potensi anak.
3. Dengan mewujudkan dan menambahkan aktiviti-aktiviti berteraskan akademik dan separa akademik seperti kegiatan ko-kurikulum di sekolah yang dapat mengisi masa lapang mereka. Begitu juga dengan perubahan-perubahan teknik-teknik pengajaran seperti penggunaan komputer, video, bantuan alat pandang dengar dan teknik pengajaran luar kelas yang mampu menarik minat mereka untuk terlibat sama.(ini adalah contoh gambar yang diambil dari google)
4. Mewujudkan sistem perundangan di sekolah. Peruntukan undang-undang di peringkat sekolah boleh menimbulkan rasa takut di kalangan pelajar sekolah, di samping mengurangkan beban dan tanggungjawab pihak sekolah dan pihak ibu bapa dalam pengawasan disiplin.
5. Penguatkuasaan Undang-Undang oleh pihak berkuasa seperti polis.Bidang kuasa polis yang sedia ada perlu digunakan oleh pihak pentadbir sekolah dalam mendisiplinkan pelajar-pelajar.Pihakpentadbir hendaklah mengambil kesempatan dengan merujuk masalah pelajar ini kepada pihak polis.
6. Langkah-langkah pencegahan yang bersesuaian hendaklah diadakan seperti kaunseling di peringkat sekolah.Kaunseling di peringkat sekolah adalah penting dalam membantu remaja mengatasi masalah mereka. Program ini akan lebih bermakna sekiranya kaunselor-kaunselor yang berkelayakan dan berpengalaman dilantik dalam memantapkan pelaksanaan dan keberkesanan kaunseling tersebut.
“Perlu ditekankan bahawa bagi mengatasi masalah kegiatan Menghidu gam ini perlulah ada kerjasama dari semua pihak tetapi bukanlah sahaja kepada satu pihak sahaja. Ini adalah tanggungjawab bersama.”
Penyalahgunaan Inhalan di Kalangan Remaja | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Oleh: Haslina Hashim | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Sumber: Dewan Kosmik, Julai, 2002 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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